owid-co2-codebook.csv

column,title,description,unit,source
country,Country,Geographic location.,,Our World in Data - Regions (2024)
year,Year,Year of observation.,,Our World in Data - Regions (2024)
iso_code,ISO code,ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 three-letter country codes.,,International Organization for Standardization - Regions (2023)
population,Population,"Population by country, available from 10,000 BCE to 2100, based on data and estimates from different sources.",people,Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
gdp,Gross domestic product (GDP),Total economic output of a country or region per year. This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.,international-$ in 2011 prices ($),Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 [https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023]
cement_co2,Annual CO₂ emissions from cement,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
cement_co2_per_capita,Annual CO₂ emissions from cement (per capita),"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement, measured in tonnes per person.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
co2,Annual CO₂ emissions,"Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
co2_growth_abs,Annual CO₂ emissions growth (abs),"Annual growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
co2_growth_prct,Annual CO₂ emissions growth (%),"Annual percentage growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
co2_including_luc,Annual CO₂ emissions including land-use change,"Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
co2_including_luc_growth_abs,Growth rate of emissions including land-use change,"Annual growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
co2_including_luc_growth_prct,Growth rate of emissions including land-use change (%),"Annual percentage growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
co2_including_luc_per_capita,Annual CO₂ emissions including land-use change per capita,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in tonnes per person.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
co2_including_luc_per_gdp,Annual CO₂ emissions including land-use change per GDP,"Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$).",kilograms per international-$ (kg/$),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 [https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023]
co2_including_luc_per_unit_energy,CO₂ emissions including land-use change per unit energy,"Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted per unit of primary energy consumption, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour. Land-use change emissions are included.",grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kWh),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Data (2026) [https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php]; Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) [https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/]
co2_per_capita,CO₂ emissions per capita,"Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from burning fossil fuels and industrial processes. This includes emissions from transport, electricity generation, and heating, but not land-use change.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
co2_per_gdp,Annual CO₂ emissions per GDP (kg per international-$),"Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$).",kilograms per international-$ (kg/$),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 [https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023]
co2_per_unit_energy,CO₂ emissions per unit energy,"Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted per unit of primary energy consumption, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour.",grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kWh),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Data (2026) [https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php]; Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) [https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/]
coal_co2,Annual CO₂ emissions from coal,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
coal_co2_per_capita,Annual CO₂ emissions from coal (per capita),"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal, measured in tonnes per person.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
consumption_co2,Annual consumption-based CO₂ emissions,"Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
consumption_co2_per_capita,Per capita consumption-based CO₂ emissions,"Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), measured in tonnes per person.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
consumption_co2_per_gdp,Annual consumption-based CO₂ emissions per GDP (kg per international-$),"Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$).",kilograms per international-$ (kg/$),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 [https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023]
cumulative_cement_co2,Cumulative CO₂ emissions from cement,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
cumulative_co2,Cumulative CO₂ emissions,"Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
cumulative_co2_including_luc,Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change,"Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
cumulative_coal_co2,Cumulative CO₂ emissions from coal,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
cumulative_flaring_co2,Cumulative CO₂ emissions from flaring,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
cumulative_gas_co2,Cumulative CO₂ emissions from gas,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
cumulative_luc_co2,Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
cumulative_oil_co2,Cumulative CO₂ emissions from oil,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
cumulative_other_co2,Cumulative CO₂ emissions from other industry,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
energy_per_capita,Primary energy consumption per capita,Measured in kilowatt-hours per person.,kilowatt-hours per person (kWh),U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Data (2026) [https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php]; Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) [https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
energy_per_gdp,Primary energy consumption per GDP,Measured in kilowatt-hours per international-$.,kilowatt-hours per $ (kWh),U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Data (2026) [https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php]; Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) [https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/]; Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 [https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023]
flaring_co2,Annual CO₂ emissions from flaring,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
flaring_co2_per_capita,Annual CO₂ emissions from flaring (per capita),"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring, measured in tonnes per person.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
gas_co2,Annual CO₂ emissions from gas,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
gas_co2_per_capita,Annual CO₂ emissions from gas (per capita),"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas, measured in tonnes per person.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
ghg_excluding_lucf_per_capita,Per capita greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and industry,Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.,tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person (t/person),Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
ghg_per_capita,Per capita greenhouse gas emissions including land use,Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.,tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person (t/person),Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
land_use_change_co2,Annual CO₂ emissions from land-use change,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
land_use_change_co2_per_capita,Annual CO₂ emissions from land-use change per capita,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change, measured in tonnes per person.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
methane,Annual methane emissions including land use,Measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.,million tonnes (Mt),Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]
methane_per_capita,Per capita methane emissions including land use,Measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.,tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person (t/person),Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
nitrous_oxide,Annual nitrous oxide emissions including land use,Measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.,million tonnes (Mt),Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]
nitrous_oxide_per_capita,Per capita nitrous oxide emissions including land use,Measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.,tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person (t/person),Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
oil_co2,Annual CO₂ emissions from oil,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
oil_co2_per_capita,Annual CO₂ emissions from oil (per capita),"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil, measured in tonnes per person.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
other_co2_per_capita,Annual CO₂ emissions from other industry (per capita),"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources, measured in tonnes per person.",tonnes per person (t/person),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]; Population based on various sources (2024) [https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources]
other_industry_co2,Annual CO₂ emissions from other industry,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
primary_energy_consumption,Primary energy consumption,Measured in terawatt-hours.,terawatt-hours (TWh),U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Data (2026) [https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php]; Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) [https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/]
share_global_cement_co2,Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from cement,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from cement in the same year.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_co2,Share of global annual CO₂ emissions,"Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ in the same year.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_co2_including_luc,Share of global annual CO₂ emissions including land-use change,"Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured as a percentage of global total emissions of CO₂ in the same year.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_coal_co2,Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from coal,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from coal in the same year.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_cumulative_cement_co2,Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from cement,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from cement.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_cumulative_co2,Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions,"Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global total cumulative emissions of CO₂.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_cumulative_co2_including_luc,Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change,"Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global total cumulative emissions of CO₂ (including land-use change).",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_cumulative_coal_co2,Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from coal,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from coal.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_cumulative_flaring_co2,Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from flaring,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from flaring.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_cumulative_gas_co2,Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from gas,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from gas.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_cumulative_luc_co2,Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from land-use change.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_cumulative_oil_co2,Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from oil,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from oil.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_cumulative_other_co2,Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from other industry,"Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from other industry sources.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_flaring_co2,Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from flaring,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from flaring in the same year.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_gas_co2,Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from gas,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from gas in the same year.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_luc_co2,Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from land-use change,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from land-use change in the same year.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_oil_co2,Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from oil,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from oil in the same year.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_global_other_co2,Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from other industry,"Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from other industry sources in the same year.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
share_of_temperature_change_from_ghg,Share of contribution to global warming,Measured as a percentage of the world's temperature change.,%,Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]
temperature_change_from_ch4,Change in global mean surface temperature caused by methane emissions,Measured in °C.,°C,Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]
temperature_change_from_co2,Change in global mean surface temperature caused by CO₂ emissions,Measured in °C.,°C,Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]
temperature_change_from_ghg,Change in global mean surface temperature caused by greenhouse gas emissions,Measured in °C.,°C,Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]
temperature_change_from_n2o,Change in global mean surface temperature caused by nitrous oxide emissions,Measured in °C.,°C,Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]
total_ghg,Annual greenhouse gas emissions including land use,Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.,million tonnes (Mt),Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]
total_ghg_excluding_lucf,Annual greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and industry,Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.,million tonnes (Mt),Jones et al. - National contributions to climate change (2025) [https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest]
trade_co2,Annual CO₂ emissions embedded in trade,"Annual net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions embedded in trade, measured in million tonnes.",million tonnes (Mt),Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]
trade_co2_share,Share of annual CO₂ emissions embedded in trade,"Annual net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions embedded in trade, measured as a percentage of emissions of CO₂.",%,Global Carbon Budget (2025) [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/]